口语笔记——虚拟语气
适用场景
当需要表示说话者做出的假设而非事实，或者与现实相反的主观愿望时，可以通过谓语动词的特殊时态来表达虚拟语气。
典型句式：如果……就……
虚拟语气分为主句和条件从句，从句用来表达说话者做出的条件假设，主句用来表达假设成立时会采取的行动或导致的结果。两者的时态规则分别为：
- 主句始终用would/could/should/might, 表示会、能、应该、可能
- 虚拟条件从句：比主句退一个时态。
虚拟语气按照主句与实际相反还是从句与实际相反，可以分为三种，下面分别示例说明。
主句从句相反
主句和从句都与实际相反。
- 与将来相反，主句用一般将来时，从句用过去时：
- If it were to rain tomorrow, we would cancel the course. 如果明天下雨，我们将取消课程。
从句语法：If + 主语 + did/were to/should do, 所以上面的从句也可以换成
if it rained tomorrow或者if it should rain tomorrow。
- 与现在相反：主句用一般现在时，从句用过去时
-
If I had enough money, I might buy the phone. 如果我的钱充足，我可能会买这部手机。
从句语法：If + 主语 + did/were， 例如：If I had enough money,
虚拟语气与现在相反或与将来可能相反的场景中，不能出现 was，全部换为were。
- 与过去相反：主句用现在完成时，从句用过去完成时。
- If you hadn’t got up so late, you would have finished your homework. 如果你没有起床这么晚，你现在已经完成了作业。
语法规则：If + 主语 + had done 主 + would/could/should/might have done。
与主句相反
只与主句相反，从句对事实正常表达。
虚拟语态可以搭配一些连词（without， but for， or， otherwise）来表示与 主句相反。
- Without you, i would finish my homework tomorrow. 如果没有你，我明天就能完成作业。
- but for your help, I couldn’t have supported till now. 没有你的支持，我撑不到现在。
- He got up late, Or he could have caught the train. 他起晚了，不然他是能赶上火车的。
- He was running out of money，Otherwise he wouldn’t have looked for a job. 他那时候快没钱了，不然他不会去找工作。
与从句相反
虚拟语态也可以搭配连词（ as if(as though)/even if(though) 好像 /就算…也不…）表示与 只从句相反。
- He looks as if he were drunk. 他看起来像是他醉了（实际没醉）
- Even if I knew I wouldn’t tell you. 即使我知道，也不会告诉你（实际不知道）
- The ground would be wet If it had rained yesterday. 如果昨天下雨，现在地面就应该是湿的（实际昨天没下雨）
- You wouldn’t regret now If you had accepted my suggestion.如果你当初听我建议，现在不会后悔
- I wouldn’t be wet now If I had taken the raincoat the morning. 如果我早上带雨衣，现在就不会湿了
- I wouldn’t do that again If I were you. 如果我是你，不会重复做这事儿
名词性从句的虚拟语气
宾语从句：
如下动词的宾语从句需要使用虚拟语气：
- 一个坚持：insist（注意：如果insist表示坚称，坚持说等意思时，不做虚拟使用）
- 两个命令：order / command
- 三个建议：advise / suggest / propose（注意：如果suggest不表示建议时，如翻译为表明、代表，则从句不用虚拟）
- 五个要求：demand / require / request / desire / ask
- We suggest that Tom (should) have a rest.
- He insisted that I (should) be present. 他
- They requested that we (should) send them to work there.
表语从句：
如下名词的表语从句需要使用虚拟语气：
两个命令：order / command
三个建议：advice / suggestion / proposal
五个要求：demand / request / desire / ask
- Our suggestion is that Tom (should) have a rest.
- The judge’s order is that the prisoner (should) be killed the next day.
- Their request is that we (should) send them to work there
主语从句：
主语从句存在句子头重脚轻的原因，所以一般用形式主语以it’s开头。语句规则为：
It‘s necessary / strange / hard / important + that + 从句中的动词要用虚拟，即(should) + 动词原形
- It’s very important that we (should) master a foreign language. 我们应该掌握一门外语这件事是很重要的。
= That we should master a foreign language is very important.
- It’s strange that he (should) reject to participate the party. 他拒绝参加这次聚会这件事很奇怪。
- It’s necessary that we (should) brush our teeth. 我们应该刷牙这件事是必要的。
It’s a pity<可惜> / a shame<丢人> / no wonder<怪不得> that (should) + verb.
- It’s a shame that you failed the exam. 他没考过这次考试真丢人
- It’s a pity that you missed a good opportunity. 你错过这次机会这可惜
- It’s no wonder that he doesn’t want to come. 怪不得他不想来
相关阅读
- 口语笔记-句子结构概括
- 口语笔记——情态动词