当前位置：首页 > news >正文

vue3实现登录获取token并自动刷新token进行JWT认证

news 2025/12/16 3:11:24

在《django应用JWT(JSON Web Token)实战》介绍了如何通过django实现JWT，并以一个具体API接口实例的调用来说明JWT如何使用。本文介绍如何通过vue3的前端应用来使用JWT认证调用后端的API接口，实现一下的登录认证获取JWT进行接口认证。

在这里插入图片描述

一、账号密码登录获取JWT

通过Login.vue实现登录的用户名、密码表单信息收集，调用getToken()方法进行鉴权验证并获取jwt的token。
Login.vue

<template><div class="body"><el-form :model="form" :rules="rules" ref="loginForm" class="loginContainer"><h3 class="loginTitle">欢迎登录</h3><el-form-item label="用户名" prop="username" :label-width="formLabelWidth"> <el-input type="text" v-model="form.username" placeholder="请输入用户名"></el-input></el-form-item><el-form-item label="密码"  prop="password" :label-width="formLabelWidth"> <el-input type="password" v-model="form.password" placeholder="请输入密码"></el-input></el-form-item><el-form-item :label-width="formLabelWidth"> <el-button type="primary" :plain="true" @click="submitForm('form')">登录</el-button></el-form-item></el-form></div>
</template><script>
import { useUserStore } from '@/stores/user'
import { ElMessage } from 'element-plus';
import {getToken} from '../api/user'
export default {data() {return {form: {username: '',password: '',err_username: "",err_password: "",},rules: {username: [{ required: true, message: '请输入用户名', trigger: 'blur' }],password: [{ required: true, min:6, message: '请输入密码', trigger: 'blur' }]},     formLabelWidth: '120px'};},methods: {submitForm(formName) {if (this.$refs.loginForm) {this.$refs.loginForm.validate(valid => {if (valid) {// 提交表单逻辑console.log('提交成功:', this.form);this.login();} else {console.log('验证失败');ElMessage.error('验证失败，请检查您的输入！');}});} else {console.error('表单未找到');}},login() {var that = this;this.message = "";// 用户名密码鉴权获取jwt的tokengetToken({'username': this.form.username,'password': this.form.password,}).then((Response) => {console.log(Response);if (Response && Response.access) {// //保存数据到本地存储this.username= that.form.username;useUserStore().login(this.username,Response.access,Response.refresh)this.username = "";this.password = "";this.$router.push({name:"home"}); //跳转到首页}}).catch(function (error) {console.log(error);if ("username" in error) {that.err_username = error.username[0];} else if ("password" in error) {that.err_password = error.password[0];} else {ElMessage.error('登录失败！');}});},}
};
</script><style scoped>.loginContainer{border-radius: 15px;background-clip: padding-box;text-align: left;margin: auto;margin-top: 180px;width: 450px;padding: 15px 35px 15px 35px;background: aliceblue;border:1px solid blueviolet;box-shadow: 0 0 25px #f885ff;}.loginTitle{margin: 0px auto 48px auto;text-align: center;font-size: 40px;}.loginRemember{text-align: left;margin: 0px 0px 15px 0px;}.loginbody{width: 100vw;height: 100vh;background-size:100%;overflow: hidden;}
</style>

在登录时调用getToken()方法获取jwt的token
getToken的封装方法如下：

import request from '@/utils/request'export function getToken(data) {return request({url: 'token/',method: 'post',data})}

通过用户名和密码鉴权可以获得JWT的token，接口会返回access的token和refresh的token，需要将这两个token保存下来，access的token用来进行API接口的jwt认证，refresh的token用来刷新失效的access的token。

二、将JWT保存至本地

通过pinia将token保存至浏览器的本地存储，以便于后面请求API时带上访问的token

import { defineStore } from 'pinia'
import { refreshToken } from '../api/user'export const useUserStore = defineStore('user', {persist: {enabled: true, //开启数据持久化strategies: [{key: "userState", //给一个要保存的名称storage: localStorage, //sessionStorage / localStorage 存储方式},],},state: () => ({isLoggedIn: false,username: '',jwtAccessToken: null,jwtRefreshToken: null,}),actions: {login(username, accessToken,refreshToken) {this.username = usernamethis.isLoggedIn = truethis.setToken(accessToken, refreshToken)},logout() {this.username = ''this.jwtAccessToken = nullthis.isLoggedIn = false},setToken(accessToken, refreshToken) {this.jwtAccessToken = accessTokenthis.jwtRefreshToken = refreshToken},refreshToken() {return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {refreshToken({"refresh":this.jwtRefreshToken}).then((response) => {this.setToken(response.access, this.jwtRefreshToken)resolve(response.access)console.log('return refreshToken-----------'+response.access)}).catch((error) => {reject(error)})})}},getters: {getIsLoggedIn: (state) => state.isLoggedIn,getUsername: (state) => state.username,getUserAccessToken: (state) => state.jwtAccessToken,getRefreshToken: (state) => state.jwtRefreshToken,}
})

在登录的Login.vue组件中调用useUserStore().login(this.username,Response.access,Response.refresh)将用户名、access的token、refresh的token保存至浏览器的本地存储。

三、请求API带上JWT

将axios的调用封装成request.js在调用API接口时带上JWT

import axios from 'axios'
import Router from '@/components/tools/Router'
import { useUserStore } from '@/stores/user'
import { ElMessage } from 'element-plus'
import { refreshToken } from '../api/user'const api_rul = import.meta.env.VITE_APP_API_URL// create an axios instance
const service = axios.create({baseURL: api_rul,timeout: 5000, // request timeout
})// request interceptor
service.interceptors.request.use(config => {// do something before request is sentconst { url } = config// 指定页面访问需要JWT认证。if (url.indexOf('/login')!== -1) {return config}let jwt = useUserStore().getUserAccessTokenconfig.headers.Authorization = `Bearer ${jwt}`return config},error => {// do something with request errorconsole.log(error) // for debugreturn Promise.reject(error)}
)export default service

主要是在请求头重带着jwt的信息

let jwt = useUserStore().getUserAccessToken
config.headers.Authorization = `Bearer ${jwt}`

四、在token失效时自动重新获取token

前面提到JWT基于安全考虑有两个token，一个是access token ,一个是refresh token 。access token的失效时间较短，可以有效降低泄露而造成的影响，两个token的区别和作用如下：

	access token	refresh token
有效时间	较短(如半小时)	较长(如一天)
作用	鉴权验证	重新获取access token
什么时候使用	每次接口鉴权验证时	access token失效时使用

使用refresh token的逻辑如下：
在这里插入图片描述

以下通过拦截器实现token失效后重新获取access token

import axios from 'axios'
import Router from '@/components/tools/Router'
import { useUserStore } from '@/stores/user'
import { ElMessage } from 'element-plus'
import { refreshToken } from '../api/user'const api_rul = import.meta.env.VITE_APP_API_URL// create an axios instance
const service = axios.create({baseURL: api_rul,timeout: 5000, // request timeout
})// request interceptor
service.interceptors.request.use(config => {// do something before request is sentconst { url } = config// 指定页面访问需要JWT认证。if (url.indexOf('/login')!== -1) {return config}let jwt = useUserStore().getUserAccessTokenconfig.headers.Authorization = `Bearer ${jwt}`return config},error => {// do something with request errorconsole.log(error) // for debugreturn Promise.reject(error)}
)// response interceptor
service.interceptors.response.use(response => {const res = response.datareturn res},async error => {console.log('err' + error) // for debugconst originalRequest = error.config;// 授权验证失败if (error.response.status === 401 && originalRequest._retry!== true) {originalRequest._retry = true;// 刷新tokenlet jwtRefreshToken=useUserStore().getRefreshTokenawait refreshToken({"refresh":jwtRefreshToken}).then((response) => {// 刷新token成功，重新请求let jwtToken=response.accessuseUserStore().setToken(jwtToken, jwtRefreshToken)console.log('return refreshToken-----------'+response.access)originalRequest.headers.Authorization = `Bearer ${jwtToken}`return service(originalRequest)                }).catch((error) => {// 刷新token失败，跳转到登录页面ElMessage.error('请重新登录！')Router.push({name:'login'})})}// 内部错误if (error.response.status === 500) {let errormsg=error.response.data.msgElMessage.error('服务器内部错误！'+errormsg)}if (error.response.status === 400){ElMessage.error('错误的请求！')}return Promise.reject(error)}
)export default service